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Typically, empirical studies using individual-level data find that union wage mark-ups are largest for which group of workers?


A) union-covered manual workers
B) manual union members
C) union-covered non-manual workers
D) non-manual union members

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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B

The competitive status seniority model predicts which of the following?


A) that older workers are more productive
B) that Pareto efficient outcomes can lie on the labour demand schedule
C) that all points along the labour demand schedule are Pareto inefficient
D) that older workers will be the first to lose their jobs in a downturn

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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The situation where all mutually advantageous bargains have been exhausted is described by which of the following models?


A) monopoly union model
B) Rees model
C) right-to-manage model
D) efficient bargaining model

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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D

The non-union wage is not the same as the wage which would prevail in the absence of unions because of which of the following?


A) displaced union workers will force down wages in the non-unionised sector
B) union workers are more productive than their non-unionised counterparts
C) firms will substitute labour for capital in the non-unionised sector
D) non-union wages are determined by competitive forces and unionised wages are not

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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The collective voice approach implies that unions raise productivity through which of the following mechanisms?


A) reducing the costs of bargaining
B) reducing the likelihood of bargaining
C) reducing employee morale
D) reducing labour turnover

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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The monopoly union model will equate the marginal revenue from the sale of member services to which of the following?


A) the marginal value product of output
B) marginal utility
C) the supply price of member services
D) the unit cost of output

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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In the monopoly union model, unions are able to raise wages above competitive levels but only at the expense of which of the following?


A) reduced employee turnover
B) reduced employment
C) increased employee turnover
D) increased employment

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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B

The wage-employment outcome under the situation of bi-lateral monopoly is which of the following?


A) indeterminate
B) always Pareto efficient
C) utility-maximising for unions
D) undesirable for firms

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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